Human development Essay

Human development entails all means to widen man’s preferences so he could sustain a healthy lifestyle, enjoy human rights, experience the normal way of living, and discover ways to become useful for the service of others and for his own esteem. Similarly, he can enjoy living a contented life enjoying the privilege of having political, cultural, communal, and economical liberties. Human development has its own justification. If at some point one’s development is questioned or criticized or discriminated against, so long as one does not interfere with other people’s lives nor deprive them of their own happiness, one owes nobody an explanation for what he does, for who he is and how he has become. In order to pull off this human development, he may seek some channels to build up his entire being. Socialization can be one of those channels wherein such channel will give them a sense of being in the right place and eventually develop and become the right person they wanted to be. Socialization can never be done it is composed of only one person. You have to meet people who may share the same the interests, cultures, norms, ideals, talents, or other similar stuff that you can relate to. To develop fully as individual, one must discover his or her potentials and share them to others. Of course, socializing entails hardships in managing time and adjusting to a group of people. But then, if you love the group you are in or are interested of improving yourself, all these problems could not possibly overshadow your development as a human being. Man’s socialization skills therefore are essential in his development as a person. If he uses his socialization skills to the fullest, he may become unaware of the extent that his socialization skills would take him if developed. If he learns to discover and harness such, he will undoubtedly provide himself with a huge room to completely grow as a human being.

Churches do to become a better reflection of Christianity

We must acknowledge that as a church, we need to become better. Unless we admit that we need to improve, we will never strive to be a better reflection of Christianity. As a church, we should help each other point out what is causing our weaknesses and shortcomings in unity and in humility. Never be content. Seek for improvement on a regular basis. As a diverse group with collective beliefs, how can we work as united Christians? What can we do to be a better brother or sister to our fellow church members? How can we help our neighbors? What can we do for our community?How can we show non-believers that the Christian life Is the life they should follow? How can we be a better reflection of our church and of Christianity? These are some questions that we should ask together and seek the answers, together. When outsiders and non-believers see that we are united, they too shall witness God's love that binds us Christians as one big church, one big family. ) â€Å"Sadly, without the atmo sphere of revival, many Christians lapse into something inferior to the Christian norm. Christian culture declines. (Towns, peg 131) Towns pointed out that with the absence of the atmosphere of revival, Christians fall out of the Christian path. My question is: why must revival end? This is a common mistake most churches do. As soon as the mission was fulfilled, we walk away thinking that what we had started/had Just revived will flourish on its own. My challenge, therefore, is continuous revival. Pursue revival not only to the outsiders, non-believers and the nest that have left the Christian path, but also within the people of our church.When a farmer plants his crops, he does not leave it to tend on its own, he will continue visiting his crops, trim the weeds that surround it, water the plants, and make sure that it has what it needs to grow and thrive. We are like the farmer, and our church is our crop, we are responsible for the growth and progress of our Christian community. W e should never cease reviving our church or our community. If we keep that light burning, we will be able to keep our church inspired in working together to be better Christians and followers of Jesus Christ.

State Bank of Mysore Project

INTRODUCTION As a part of the MBA programme, I have undertaken Project Work i. e. an Organizational Study of State Bank of Mysore, which I completed as per the requirements of the organization as well as project rules. This internship did enable me to understand the nuances of the service sector and get an on-hand experience of application of theoretical knowledge. In fact it gave me a look-through to gimmicks of the game and assured me of the fact that „Business is a combo of Art, Science and Profession. I did gain good amount of knowledge since I had an encounter with the assets of the organization or rather Employees of the firm, its? ulture, practices, departments, so†¦ On and so forth. Walter Lipmann says â€Å"The ultimate test of a leader is found by the trail he leaves behind and not by what he has achieved†. And therefore let me take you through further in this report to show you what trail State Bank of Mysore has left by being a Leader in letter and spiri t. The study is limited to the information drawn from the authorities of the organization and its? respective website. The study is not proposed to be an expert study since the time frame offered for the study was very short.However the scope of the study, by and large is all inclusive though there could be areas which are not addressed to due to the reason stated above already. All in all it was an experiential learning that an MBA candidate is expected to possess which was possible because of curriculum defined by the Bangalore University and State Bank of Mysore. Rest assured I am now for this internship has cleared the veil in front of us to let us know how actually does a firm look like and functions, unlike what we had read in the books. Chapter – 1MEANING OF ORGANISATION Organisation is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is built. Organisation is related with developing a frame work where the total work is divided into manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus, organisation is the structure or mechanism (machinery) that enables living things to work together. In a static sense, an organisation is a structure or machinery manned by group of individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to wore most effectively together in accomplishing objectives†. Definition Different authors have defined organisation in different ways. The main definitions of organisation are as follows: †¢ According to Keith Davis, â€Å"Organisation may be defined as a group of individuals, large of small, that is cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object. †¢ According to Chester I. Barnard, â€Å"Organisation is a system of co-operative activities of two or more persons. † †¢ According to Louis A. Allen, â€Å"Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. † †¢ According to Mooney and Railey, â€Å"Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. † IMPORTANCE OF ORGNISATIONAL STUDYThe effectiveness and efficiency of organization helps in providing the continuity and success to the enterprise. There are many factors that explain the importance and objectives of organisation and they are:- 1. Facilitates Administration: An efficient and sound organisation make easy for the management to relate the flow of resource continually to the overall objectives. A sound organisation helps in providing appropriate platform where m anagement can performs the functions of planning, direction, coordination, motivation and control. 2.Facilitates Growth and Diversification: A sound organisation helps in the growth and diversification of activities. The growth is facilitated by clear division of work, proper delegation of authority etc. In short, it helps in the organisational elaboration. In case of reasonable expansion of organisation, the functional types get replaced by a more flexible decentralized organisation. 3. Permits optimum use of Resources: The optimum use of technical and human resources gets facilitated in sound and efficient organisation. The organisation can have the facilities of latest technological developments and improvements.It also facilitates optimum use of human resources through specialization. The people in the organisation get appropriately trained and get promotion opportunities. A sound organisation provides all the desired potential and strength to the company to meet the future chal lenges. 4. Stimulate Creativity: The specialization in the organisation helps individuals in getting well defined duties, clear lines of authority and responsibility. It encourages the creativity of the people. The sound organisational structure enables mangers to concentrate on important issues where their talent can be exploited to the maximum. . Encourages Humanistic Approach: A sound organisation helps in adopting efficient methods of selection, training, remuneration and promotion for employees. It makes people work in a team and not like machines or robots. Organisation helps in providing factors like job rotation, job enlargement and enrichment to its employees. A sound organisation provides higher job satisfaction to its employees through proper delegation and decentralization, favourable working environment and democratic and participative leadership.It enhances the mode of communication and interaction among different levels of the management. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION ? The Principle of Objective ? Principle of Specialization ? The Scalar Principle ? The Principle of Authority ? The Principle of Unity of Command OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the organization 2. To study various departments such as: a). Operations Management Department b. Planning and Development Department c). Commercial and Institutions Department d). Treasury Department e). Technology Department f). Vigilance and Inspection Department 3.To study the day to day activities of the Bank DATA COLLECTION The methodology used in this study involves the collection of data through various ways such as primary data and secondary data. Primary data Primary data is collected from primary sources the data collected through interview with various department heads and officers of the firm. With the help of managers and employees in various department helps to get a clear idea about the organization and its day to day activities. Secondary data Publications of a wide variety provide a good deal of external secondary data.News paper, magazines, technical journals, trade publications, directories, government publications, committee reports, these are sources of external secondary data. Secondary data can also be purchased in some cases from commercial marketing research services. Various types of written documents within the organization, magazines and internet. a) Price lists b) Catalogues etc c) Internet and websites 1. 6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 1. Very less time span is available for study. 2. Sales data is taken 18th July to 18th August 3. Lack of prior experience. 4. There is a possibility 0f an exaggerated claim. INDUSTRY PROFILE pic] Chapter –2 Overview of Industry Profile A Bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers that have capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Due to their critic al status within the financial system and the economy] generally, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit.They are generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena, Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472 Banking Sector in India Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first Banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1790; both are now defunct.The oldest Bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the thre e presidency Banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency Banks acted as quasi-central Banks, as did their successors. The three Banks merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India. HistoryIndian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock Bank in India. (Joint Stock Bank: A company that issues stock and requires shareholders to be held liable for the company's debt) It was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Ba nk of Shimla.When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened Banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the Banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with Banks. Subsequently, Banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign Banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s.The Comptoire d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a Banking centre. The first entirely Indian joint stock Bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, establish ed in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest Banks in India.Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small Banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency Banks dominated Banking in India but there were also some exchange Banks and a number of Indian joint stock Banks. All these Banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange Banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade.Indian joint stock Banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange Banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of Banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found Banks of and for the Indian community. A number of Banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.No. of Banks Failed & their Capitals | Years |Number of Banks |Authorised capital(Rs. |Paid-up Capital | | |that failed |Lakhs) |(Rs. Lakhs) | | 1913 | 12 | 274 |35 | | 1914 | 42 |710 | 109 | | 1915 | 11 | 56 | 5 | | 916 | 13 |231 | 4 | | 1917 | 9 | 76 |25 | | 1918 | 7 |209 | 1 | Table 2. 1: No. of Banks Failed and its capital The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private Banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district.Four nationalised Banks started in this district and also a leading priva te sector Bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as â€Å"Cradle of Indian Banking†. During the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian Banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with Banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities.At least 94 Banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table: Post-Independence The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralyzing Banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian Banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 env isaged a mixed economy.This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including Banking and finance. The major steps to regulate Banking included: ? The Reserve Bank of India, India's central Banking authority, was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b). ? In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) â€Å"to regulate, control, and inspect the Banks in India. † The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new Bank or branch of an xisting Bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two Banks could have common directors. Nationalisation [pic] Banks Nationalisation in India: Newspaper Clipping, Times of India, July, 20, 1969 Despite the provisions, control and regulations of Reserve Bank of India, Banks in India except the State Bank of India or SBI, continued to be owned and o perated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian Banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy.At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalization of the Banking industry. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled â€Å"Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. † The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden. The Government of India issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial Banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969.Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a â€Å"masterstroke of political sagacity. † Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking ) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial Banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the Banking business of India.Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized Banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised Banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised Banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private Banks.These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy Banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new g eneration Banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the Banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of Banks, namely, government Banks, private Banks and foreign Banks.The next stage for the Indian Banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in Banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional Banks. All this led to the retail boom in In dia.People not just demanded more from their Banks but also received more. Currently (2007), Banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign Banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian Banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other Banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government.The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for Banking services, especially retail Banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M's, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector Bank) to 10%.This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector Bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector Banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned Banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the Banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. Phase 1 (March 2005 to March 2009) . Foreign banks were allowed to establish presence in India and were given an option to operate through branch presence or set up a 100% Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS). 2. Foreign banks were allowed to open 12 branches a year (the limit was in line with World Trade Organisation (WTO) commitment). Branch licens ing procedure was kept same as applicable for private banks. More liberal branch opening policy was adopted in under-banked areas. 3. The limit of 12 branches a year was raised to 20 branches for foreign banks in March2006. 4.Acquisition of shares in Indian banks by foreign banks was permitted for banks whichare identified by RBI for restructuring. Phase 2 (April 2009 onwards) 1. Branch expansion: -After reviewing the experience of the first phase, RBI has proposed to remove the restriction on branch expansion and limited excess to Indian market and treating them on par with domestic banks to the extent appropriate. 2. Listing of foreign banks: -After completion of the proposed year of operation in India, WOS of foreign banks will be allowed to list and dilute the stake in the manner that at least  of 26% of the paid-up capital remains with the resident Indian. . Mergers and acquisitions: -After a review is made with regard to the extent of  penetration of foreign investment in Indian banks and functioning of foreign banks, foreign banks may be permitted, subject to regulatory approvals and such conditions as may be prescribed, to enter into merger and acquisition transactions with any private sector bank  in India, subject to the overall investment limit of 74 per cent. Adoption of Banking Technology The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system.The use of computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern innovation and computerisation of the banking sector of India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the use of the information technology and computers.The RBI in 1984 formed Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984) whose chairman was Dr C Rangarajan, Deputy Gove rnor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR Technology in all the banks in the metropolis in India . This provided use of standardized cheque forms and encoders. In 1988, the RBI set up Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988) headed by Dr. C. R.Rangarajan which emphasized that settlement operation must be computerized in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patna and Thiruvananthapuram. It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and MICR should be made Operational. It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers. It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking.The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began form 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' association. In 1994, Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment s System, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994) was set up with chairman Shri WS Saraf, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India. It emphasized on Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all banks with more than 100 branches.Committee for proposing Legislation On Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995) emphasized on EFT system. Electronic banking refers to DOING BANKING by using technologies like computers, internet and networking, MICR, EFT so as to increase efficiency, quick service, productivity and transparency in the transaction. Apart from the above mentioned innovations the banks have been selling the third party products like Mutual Funds, insurances to its clients. Total numbers of ATMs installed in India by various banks as on end March 2005 is 17,642).The New Private Sector Banks in India is having the largest numbers of ATMs which is fol off site ATM is highest for the SBI and its subsidiaries and then it is followed by New Private Banks, Nationalised banks and Foreign banks. While on site is highest for the Nationalised banks of India. The below graphical representation shows Number of branches in India [pic] Figure 2:1 No. Branches in India . History of other banks in India (includes Nationalised Banks, Private Banks and Foreign Banks) | No. Year |Period |Characterized by | |1 |1840 to 1947 |Pre Independence |Small size, less regulated and bank  failures | |2 |1947 to 1969 |Post Independence to |Slower growth, private sector dominance and start of | | | |Nationalisation |regulation | |3 |1969 to1991 |Nationalisation to Liberalisation|Nationalised of banks by government, high regulation, | | | | |secular growth in business and expansion & rising | | | | |inefficiencies | |4 |1991 to 2010 |Liberalisation to current  date |De-regulation, entry of private and foreig n banks and | | | | |technological advancement | Table 2:2 History of Banks in IndiaArguments of government for nationalisation were as follows: Before the nationalisation, the privately-owned banks were operating on the criteria of profit maximisation and lesser emphasis was placed on the development of rural areas. Credit and deposits base was confined to large corporate and wealthy depositors. The nationalised banking set-up would vigorously pursue expansion programmes to cover rural areas, smaller towns and lower income groups. To pay special attention to inter-sectoral balances and balanced regional development. To take away the stranglehold of the few industrial houses on credit and reduce their control over the community's resources. Ensure stability in the functioning of the credit institutions and inspire more confidence among the depositors.Encourage healthy competition between large and small industrial houses. Insummary, the following are the steps taken by the Governmen t of India to regulate thebanking institutions in the country: 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. 1955: Nationalization of SBI. 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. 1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over Rs. 200 crores. These are the list of banking currently operating in India: State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur State Bank of HyderabadState Bank of Patiala State Bank of Travancore State Bank of Indore Nationalised Banks Allahabad Bank Indian Bank Andhra Bank Indian Overseas Bank Bank of Baroda Oriental Bank of Commerce Bank of India Punjab National Bank Bank of Maharashtra Punjab & Sind Bank Canara Bank Syndicate Bank Central Bank of India Union Bank of India Corporation Bank United Bank of India Dena Bank 19. UCO Bank IDBI Bank Ltd. Vijaya Bank Private Sector Ba nks Axis Bank Jammu & Kashmir Ban Bank Of Rajasthan Karnataka Bank Catholic Syrian Bank Karur Vysya Bank City Union Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Development Credit Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Dhanalakshmi Bank Nainital Bank Federal BankRatnakar Bank HDFC Bank SBI Commercial & International ICICI Bank South Indian Bank South Indian Bank IndusInd Bank Tamilnad MercantileBank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank ING Vysya Bank Yes Bank Yes Bank Foreign Banks ABN AMRO Bank DBS Bank 2. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Deutsche Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank HSBC Arab Bangladesh Bank JP Morgan Chase Bank Bank Of America Krung Thai Bank Bank Of Bahrain & Kuwait Mashreq Bank Bank Of Ceylon Mizuho Corporate Bank Bank Of Nova Scotia Oman International Bank Bank Of Tokyo-Mitsubishi- UFI Shinhan Bank Barclays Bank Societe Generale BNP Paribas Sonali Bank Calyon Bank Standard Chartered Bank Chinatrust Commercial BankState Bank of Mauri Objectives of the Study 1) To know the organisational structure of the SBM 2) To have the pr actical exposure to Organisational function as compared to theoretical concepts 3) To know the product and service offered by SBM at Kaval Byrasandra branch, Bangalore 4) To know its growth strategy and potential 5) To study the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of the organisation to carry out swot analysis. Profile of State Bank of Mysore [pic] Chapter -3 [pic] State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Mysore was established on 2nd October 1913 as â€Å"Bank of Mysore Ltd†. under the royal patronage of the Maharaja of Mysore, erstwhile Govt. f Mysore, on the recommendations of the Banking Committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman,Bhara Late Dr. Sir M. Vishweswaraiah . Subsequently, in March 1960, the Bank became an Associate of State Bank of India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The Bank's shares are listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges. As an associate Bank, State Bank of Mysore has a team of employees with a management. This B ank has 737 branches (as on 31. 03. 2012) and 10249 employees. The Bank has regional officesin, Bengaluru, Mysore, Mangalore, Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Devanagari, Bellary, Tumkur, Kolar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mumbai and New Delhi. About State Bank of Myore | | |Date of Establishment |1913 | | | | |Revenue |( USD in Millions ) | | | | |Market Cap |21775. 942287 ( Rs. in Millions ) | | | | |Corporate Address |KG Road,PBNo 9727,Bengaluru-560009, Karnataka (www. statebankofmysore. co. n) | | | | | | | |Business Operation |Bank – Public | |Background |State Bank of Mysore was established in 1913 as Bank of Mysore under the | | |patronage of the erstwhile  government of Mysore, at the instance of the banking| | |committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman, Late Dr Sir M Visvesvaraya. | | |Subsequently, in March 1960, the bank became an Associate of State Bank of | | |India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The bank's shares are listed| | |i n Bangalore, Chen | |Financials |Total Income – Rs. 55948. 247 Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | |Net Profit – Rs.Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | | | |Company Secretary |G Soundarajan | | | | |Bankers Auditors |HS Ahuja & Co, Dhawan & Co, LK Kejrswal & Co, SK Basu & Co, PKKG | | |Balasubramaniam & Associates, Bhasin Raghavan & Co, BL Ajmera & Co, MKPS & | | |Associates, SK Basu & Co, Maharaj N R Suresh & Co | Management Committee of the Bank |Managing Director | |+91 80 22251855 | | |Mr.Sharad Sharma |+91 80 22353480 Fax 080 | | | |22254753 | | Chief General Manager | |+91 80 22251570 | | |Ms. Hamsini Menon |Fax 080 22350563 | | |   | | |Chief General Manager |Mr.KalyanMukherjee | | |General Manager  (Operations) & Corporate Development Officer |Mr  Bibhupada Nanda |+91 80 22353487 | | | |Fax 080 22353478 | |General Manager Executive  (Agriculture & MSME) |Mr K Lakshmisha |+91 80 22257149 | | | | | | | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General M anager & Group Executive(Corporate Banking) |Mr.SaswataChaudhuri |+91 80 22353471 | | | |Fax 080 22355978 | |General Manager (Treasury and Finance & Accounts) & Group |Sri Viswanathan V |+91 80 22257149 | |Executive(Government Business) | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General Manager (Technology Management) & Group Executive |MrV Pattabhiraman |+91 80 22352591 | |(Personal Banking) | |Fax 080 22356472 | |General Manager – Risk Management and Credit Policy and Procedures |Mr  ParthasarathyN | | |General Manager & Chief Vigilance Officer |Mr Vijay Dube |+91 80 22255617 | | |   |Fax 080 22350562 | State Bank of Mysore Organizational Structure Figure 3:1 Sbm Organization Structure VISION: â€Å"Working for better tomorrow† MISSIONA premier commercial Bank in Karnataka, with all India presence, committed to provide consistently superior and personalised customer service backed by employee pride and will to excel, earn progressively high returns for its shareholders and be a r esponsible corporate citizen contributing to the well being of the society. POLICIES & PROCEDURES State Bank of Mysore: – FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES Power and duties of its officers and employees- All the officers have certain financial powers and administrative powers depending upon their positions. The delegation of financial powers of various grades of officials is decided by the Central Board which is revised from time to time, depending upon the organization’s requirement and also Government / RBI guidelines. The concerned sanctioning authority takes a decision to sanction a loan or otherwise on merits of each proposal.The procedure followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability-There is a well defined system in the Bank regarding the decision making process. Financial decisions are taken at various levels by different officials depending upon their positions and also through committee approach. Centralized credit processin g cells are being formed at certain centres for sanction of personal segment loans and other loans. Branches will source the applications and forward them to the respective credit processing cells, for their consideration. Further, there is a well defined organisational structure and a clear system of accountability and control system, which also take into account the RBI / CVC guidelines. The norms set for discharge of its functionThe Bank functions with the following core values / norms ? Excellence in customer service ? Profit orientation ? Fairness in all dealing and relations ? Risk taking and innovation ? Integrity ? Transparency and discipline in policies and systems Regarding the core functions of the Bank i. e. accepting deposits and sanction of loans, the interest rates for deposits / advances and different deposit as well as loan products, are displayed in the Bank’s website and also made available at all the Branches. Regarding sanction of loans, each officer of t he Bank will consider loan proposals and take a decision in terms of the scheme of delegation of powers, on the merits of the proposals.All the officers of the Bank are expected to discharge their duties and responsibilities with integrity and due diligence. Public can also refer to the captions †Interest rates', ‘code of ethics' & ‘citizens charter' of the Bank's website for any further information. The rules and regulations, instructions, manuals and records held by the Bank/ used by its employees for discharging its functions. There are quite a number of documents like manuals, book of instructions, codified circulars, scheme of delegation of powers, proceedings of the board etc and also the periodical circulars used by the employees for discharging various functions. A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Bank or under its control.These are mainly register of Shareholders/Record of the proceedings of the AGMs, Board Meetings and various Committee meetings, documents executed by customers/borrowers/guarantors, contracts with third parties etc. The particulars of any arrangement that exists for consultation with, or representation by, the members of the public in relation to the formulation of its policy or implementation thereof in SBM. As per the present arrangement, the Shareholders can raise issues concerning policies and in the Annual General Meetings which can relate to the policy of the Bank. Further, the Banks quarterly results and annual results / reports are published in the Bank’s website periodically for information of public as well as shareholders which would give an idea about the policies of the Bank and implementation thereof.Further, the Central Board the apex management body of the Bank is constituted with members who are leaders from different interest groups and professions such as Industrialists, Bankers from Apex Institutions, Chartered Accountants, Economists and Workmen representative s. Public can also refer to the captions financial results / consolidated financial statement / annual report / shareholders information of the Bank's website, for further information. Bank has appointed various committees for different purposes. Following are some of the important Committees managing the key affairs of the Bank a)Risk Management Committee b)Credit Risk Management committee c)Asset Liability Management committee d)Operational Risk Management committee e)Audit Committee f)Central Management Committee g) Central as well as Local BoardsPublic are not entitled to participate on the above committee meetings and minutes are not accessible to public. Public can also refer to the caption Annual report for various committees more particularly the â€Å"corporate governance† link under the Annual report for more information about the committees. Achievements 1913 – The Bank was established as ‘Bank of Mysore Ltd. ‘, on the 19th May, & commenced its b usiness on the 2nd October 1913, under the patronage of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore, with an authorised capital of Rs. 20. 00 Lakhs. 1953 – During the year, the Bank was appointed as an Agent of Reserve Bank of India to conduct Government business & treasury operations. 959 – With effect from the 10th September, the Bank was constituted as State Bank of Mysore as a Subsidiary of State Bank of India, under State Bank of India [Subsidiary Banks] Act, 1959 enacted through an Act of Parliament, [Act No. 38 of 1959s]. – The Bank has formulated schemes for [1] financing coffee planters/coffee traders against coffee curer’s certificate, [2] financing coffee traders, [3] coffee exporters & [4] coffee curers who also engage in trading. – State Bank of Mysore has various deposit schemes to cater to the requirements of its customers. – The Bank has also actively participated in all Government sponsored schemes and contributed its share of finan cial assistance or the economically weaker sections through DIR, IRDP, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna & SUME schemes. The Bank has sponsored two Regional Rural Banks, Cauvery Grameena Bank & Kalpatharu Grameena Bank which have between them 202 branches for growth of agriculture & rural industries. – The Bank, as part of State Bank Group has been engaged in financing 551 since 1960 & introduced the concept of need based rather than security oriented finance & the Entrepreneur scheme under which technically qualified persons were financed the entire requirement up to Rs. 2 Lakhs. – The Bank has 3 specialised SSI branches to assist the SSI units & proposes to establish 3 more such 551 branches shortly. – The Bank has correspondent & agency arrangements all over the world & offers spot services in 18 major approved currencies. The Bank computerised dealing room is equipped with state-of-the-art information net-work for excellent services to the Bank customers. – The Bank also proposed to open 21 NRI service centres to specially cater to the requirements of NRI customers. – State Bank of Mysore handles a significant part of day-to-day Banking business of both the Central & State Governments in the State of Karnataka & is a Banker to various Public Sector Undertakings in various sectors of Economy. – The Bank has been actively participating in welfare Banking needs of public through its community services. – The Bank has set up social circles, a voluntary group of employees to conduct the community service activities, at various centres. The Bank is the proud recipient of Rolling Trophy from the Red Cross Society of Karnataka for 17 years in succession, till date, for having mobilised the maximum number of blood donors each year, among Banking Institutions. – The Bank has installed a Main Frame Computer in its Head Office which provides a useful information system to the Management & mini computers at the Zonal Of fices. – The Bank is a member of society for worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunication [SWIFTs] which was established to offer cost effective & fast transmission of financial messages globally, 2 branches of Bank are presently covered under the scheme and an additional 15 branches are proposed to be covered under SWIFT shortly. 992 – The State Government has also taken up vigorously ‘ASHRAYA', a new housing scheme for weaker sections & ‘VISHWA', a new rural & cottage industry scheme. A new programme called ‘AKSHAYA' has also been launched to help the children in primary education. The Konkan Railway Project & the New Mangalore Port Project are also progressing satisfactorily. – The Bank has also been assisting Small Scale industries by offering technology & financial consultancy services to the units in its books, so as to enable them to overcome the problems of technological obsolescence, marketing, management etc. – The Bank has been given a special annual award by Karnataka Unit of Indian Red Cross Society for fourteenth time for having held the most number of voluntary blood donation camps. 994 – Several important measures have been introduced in the busy season credit policy of November 1993 & slack season credit policy of May 1994, announced by Reserve Bank of India. – The Bank extended rehabilitation finance to 54 such units during the year under review. – The Bank STREE SAKTHI PACKAGE designed exclusively for women continued to be implemented with full vigour. – The Bank also proposes to introduce Automated Teller Machines [ATMs] and Electronic Funds Transfer facility during the next year as a measure of offering state of art Banking services to its customers. 2000 – Mr. M. Sitarama Murty has been appoi nted as Managing Director, of Bank. – Crisil has reaffirmed the A+ & P1+ ratings assigned to the bond issue & the CD programme of Bank. 001 – State Ban k of Mysore has opened a foreign exchange cell at its hierarchically Industrial estate branch in Tumkur district to enable small-scale industrialists to manage their foreign exchange transactions. – The Bank has closed its issue of unsecured non-convertible debentures after raising the target of Rs 60 crore. 2002 – Enters the market with a coupon of 6. 4% per annum for its Tier-II capital bonds issue of Rs. 60cr on a private placement basis. – Slashes interest rate on domestic term deposits & on NRE deposits by 25-50 basis points. 2003 – Considers new method of appraisal for lending to the agricultural sector more on the lines of industrial credit given to trade & commerce. Declared a dividend of 40% on equity capital for year ended. – Ties up with HMT Ltd & launches SBM-HMT Agri Farm Scheme, to promote agricultural mechanisation in south India. – Maruti Udyog forges alliances with SBM to offer car finance. – Slashes floating home loa n rates & the new loan is as follows: maturities up to 5 five years, the rates would be 8 per cent, for maturities up to 10 years, the rates would be 8. 75 per cent on a floating rate basis & for above 10 years, 9. 25 per cent. The fixed rate housing loans remained unchanged. Farm lending rate up to Rs 50,000 was lowered to 9 per cent – Inaugurated two branches in Hyderabad. 004 – SBM joins hands with LTJD for tractor financing – State Bank of Mysore has informed that Shri M. Sitarama Murty, Managing Director of Bank retired from the services on December 31, 2003 on attaining super-annuation – Mr. Vijayanand assumes charges as Managing Director of Bank from 01/03/2004 -State Bank of Mysore has joined the Real Time Gross Settlement Systems [RTGSs] network that facilitates inter-Bank funds settlement on 22 July 2005 – SBM unveils new single window system 2006 – Mr P. P. Pattanayak has assumed charge as Managing Director of State Bank of Mysore . Mr Pattanayak was earlier Deputy Managing Director [DMDs] & Chief Credit Officer of State Bank of India, Mumbai. 2009 – The Comp. as splits its face value from Rs100/- to Rs10/-. The State Bank of Mysore has a dedicated workforce of 9926 employees consisting of 3179 supervisory staff, 6747 non-supervisory staff (as on 31 March 2011). The skill and competence of the employees have been kept updated to meet the requirements of customers keeping in view the changes in the Banking environment. State Bank of India is the nation's largest and oldest Bank. Tracing its roots back some 200 years to the British East India Company (and initially established as the Bank of Calcutta in 1806), the Bank operates more than 15,000 branches within India, where it also owns majority stakes in six associate Banks.State Bank of India (SBI) has more than 80 offices in nearly 35 other countries, including multiple locations in the US, Canada, and Nigeria. The Bank has other units devoted to capit al markets, fund management, factoring and commercial services, credit cards, and brokerage services. The Reserve Bank of India owns about 60% of State Bank of India. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency Banks, namely, the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843).All three Presidency Banks were incorporated as joint stock companies, and were the result of the royal charters. These three Banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the reserve Bank of India. The Presidency Banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized Banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company. Pu rsuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), the Reserve Bank of India, which is India’s central Bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India.On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. The Govt. of India recently acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country’s Banking regulatory authority. In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, enabling the State Bank of India to take over eight former State-associated Banks as its subsidiaries. On Sept 13, 2008, State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate Banks, merged with State Bank of India. SBI has acquired local Banks in rescues. For instance, in 1985, it acquired Bank of Cochin in Kerala, which had 120 branches.SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, State Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. SBI provides a range of Banking products through its vast network in India and overseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16000 branches, has the largest branch network in India. With an asset base of $250 billion and $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional Banking behemoth. It has a market share among Indian commercial Banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans. SBI has tried to reduce its over-staffing through computerizing operations and Golden handshake schemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers.These managers took the retirement allowances and then went on the becoming senior managers at new private sector Banks. The State Bank of India is 29th most reputable company in the world according to Forbes. Associate Banks:-The Subsidiaries of SBI till date *State Bank of Indore *State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur *State Bank of Mysore *State Bank of Hyderabad *State Bank of Pat iala * State Bank of Travancore Company pictures [pic] State Bank of Mysore [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED State Bank of Mysore offers its products and services in domains like †¢ Personal Banking. †¢ NRI Services. †¢ Agriculture. †¢ International. †¢ Corporate. †¢ SME. †¢ Domestic Treasury. (i) Personal Banking | |Current Accounts | |Savings Bank | |Savings Plus | |Term Deposits | |Reinvestment Plan | |Multi Option Deposits | |Recurring Deposits | |Public Provident Fund Scheme |Housing Loans | |Car Loans | |Education Loans | |Consumer Durables Loans | |Personal Loans | |Loans to Pensioners | |Gold Loans | |Demand Loans on Term Deposits | |Demand Loans against Govt.Securities | |(ii) NRI Banking | |Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank Scheme) Deposit | |Non Repatriable Rupee Deposits (NRNR) | |Non Resident (External) Rupee Deposit Accounts (NRE) | |Resident Foreign Currency Deposit Accounts (RFC) | |Ordinary Non Reside nt Rupee Accounts (NRO) | |Non Resident Special Rupee Accounts | |Housing Finance for NRIs | |(iii) Small Business Finance | |Retail Trade | |Professionals and Self Employed | |Business Enterprises | |Transport Operators | |(iv) Agriculture Finance | |Agricultural Crop Loans | |Agricultural Gold Loans |Produce Marketing Schemes | |Agricultural Term Loans | |Land Development Schemes | |Minor Irrigation Schemes | |Farm Mechanizations Schemes | |Kisan Credit Cards | |(v) Government Business | |State Govt. | |Central Govt. |CBEC | |CBDT | |Defence | |Posts | |Telecom | |Central Civil Pensions | |Defence Pensions | |Telecom Pensions | |State Govt.Pensions | |PSU Retiring Employees Scheme | |(vi)Other Services | |Safe Deposit Lockers | |Safe Custody | |(vii) Miscellaneous Business | |Demand Drafts | |Remittance Facilities (with Associate Banks) | |Remittance Facilities (with RBI & Govt. ) | |Collections (Cheques) |RTGS/NEFT | |Collections (Bills) | |Demand Draft Purchases ( Cheques) | |Demand Draft Purchases (Bills) | RATES OF INTEREST WITH EFFECT FROM 4th May   2012. |PERIOD |RATE OF INTEREST (%) | | |Up to  Rs. 15 lacs |Above Rs. 15. acs | |7 Days to 14 days |—— |8. 50 | |15 days to 45 days |6. 25 |8. 50 | |46 days to 90   days |6. 50 |8. 50 | |91 days to 179 days |8. 00 |8. 50 | |180 days to 299 days |8. 50 |8. 0 | |300 days |8. 50 |8. 50 | |301 days to less than 1 year |8. 50 |8. 50 | |1 year to less than 500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |501 days to less than 2 years |9. 25 |9. 5 | |2 years to less than 909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |910 days to less than 3 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |3 years to less than 5 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |5 years and above |9. 25 |9. 25 | Table 3:1 Interest Rate Interest Rates on Personal Segment Advances   | |Housing Loans (w. e. f. 01. 11. 2011) | |NAME OF THE SCHEME |Rate Of Interest | | |(Base Rate 10. 50%p. a) | |   |11Upto Rs 25 Lacs | |HOUSING L OAN |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |. 5% | |   |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 50% | | |years | | | | |Above Rs 25 lacs upto Rs 30 Lacs | | |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |11. 25% | | |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 0% | | |years | | | |

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Collaborative networks - Research Paper Example A major characteristic of having a distributed structure is that even though communications of the team may occur from face to face at times, most part of the work is accomplished when the members are usually geographical separated (Johansen, 1999). Using computer databases resources of papers in Information Technology, Communication and Geography, we will be able to construct collaboration networks among the globally distributed team engaged in airport construction in the third world countries. The reason for selecting these papers is because they will give a variety of the properties that are required in developing a model for an effective global network. The papers will also provide apparent differences that are involved in collaboration networks. The aim of this research paper is to come up with a model that will support globally distributed teams that are engaged in airport construction in the third world countries. Third world countries are known to have low stock based on their infrastructure capability especially in transportation and energy as well as the potential of information technology which have not yet been harnessed fully. The importance that is brought by air transport in countries cannot be measured as it is highly satisfactory. Airport construction in these regions that are not well exploited should be enhanced in order to improve the connectivity as well as the global reach. The need for airport facilities in the third world countries has to be enhanced not only by the quality and amount of physical infrastructure but also by the way in which the distributed team engaged in the construction of the airports are managed. It is necessary for communications and control to be steered up between the distributed te am in the regions for better results. In order to curb the gap that exists in the third world countries with regards to the infrastructure the proposed approach of building

Langston Hughes “Salvation” Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes â€Å"Salvation† Essay â€Å"Salvation† is taking from the first of these , The Big Sea ( 1940 ), and written by Langston Hughes who was a brilliant author, poet who wrote fiction, history, autobiography, and he worked at various times as a journalist. You can clearly see in â€Å"Salvation† was taking time at South – country side. From the Title â€Å"Salvation† you can have a guess and you will be right if you were thinking about church, God and so on. -But not really saved? -To bring the young lambs to the fold? -When you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to you inside -So I sat there calmly in the hot, crowded church, waiting for Jesus to come to me -The preacher preached a wonderful rhythmical sermon, all moans and shouts -Then he said: â€Å" Won’t you come? And the little girls cried. And some of them jumped up and went to Jesus right away. But most of us just sat there -Nothing! I wanted something to happen to me, but nothing happened -Oh, Lamb of God! Why don’t you come? -I began to be ashamed of myself, holding everything up so long. -So I got up -Then joyous singing filled the room -I was really crying because I couldn’t bear to tell her that I had lied, that I deceived everybody in the church, that I hadn’t seen Jesus, and that now I didn’t believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didn’t come to help me. Langston Hughes recalls how he was introduced to religion and the church. He goes to say that at thirteen years old he was brought to his Aunt Reed’s church and was told that he needed to be saved by Jesus Christ. At the ceremony, while all other children went up to accept Jesus, Langston and another child named Westley remained seated. At the congregation prayed and the priest sang psalms, Westley cracked under the pressure and went up to the altar, but Langston still sat. He had literally taken the phrase â€Å" you will see Jesus† and felt bad about lying to the church because, after all, he had still not seen Jesus but was anxious to meet him. Finally, Langston came to the decision that it was getting late and one little lie about seeing Jesus couldn’t hurt. He then went to the altar and accepted Jesus. That night his aunt heard him crying and assumed that it was because he had come to terms with God, But Langston was crying because he felt guilty having to lie to everyone about seeing Jesus and he was even more hurt that Jesus never came to help him. At first, the piece seems to be about naive boy who believes that Jesus would physically appear in front of him. In deeper sense, however, it dives into a questioning of faith. The story could be seen and a very common scenario among people having trouble with identifying there religious inclinations. Sometimes, there so much pressure put on people by their peers to choose a religion. These people often look for signs or aid from a higher power to help guide them. After receiving no signs or guidance, they renounce faith in God and Jesus and blame the higher being. In Langston case; his aunt, the priest, and the congregation put tremendous amount of pressure on him to become a member of the church, instead of explaining to him that â€Å"see† meant to â€Å"understand† and â€Å"accept† that Jesus died to save him and give him eternal life. His aunt could have helped him by explaining that not physically â€Å"see â€Å"Jesus that evening. Instead, he felt alienated possible because this way first that he had ever known of anything having to do with Jesus or the bible, and he was not helped to understand what was going on.

The History Of Special Education Education Essay

The History Of Special Education Education Essay This essay will explain how Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. How it views of the way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed due to different laws that have been passed over the past years. I will explain the different phases of special education in its largest span of time. It will discuss how the term learned disabled was derived after it took the place of phrase brain injured. And it will explain the stages in which the IEPs are developed and how a child with special needs should be taught to produce success. Additionally, this essay will discuss the court case of Brown v. Board of Educations decision to demand that all special needs children be granted an opportunity to receive a free and appropriate education. In past years people would lock their disabled children up in rooms and isolate them from others because they were ashamed of them or because they were different and they didnt know how or what to do with them. This made matter worse, disabled children were left isolate and alone, sometimes being abused physically and sexually, they were not considered human. This continued to happen until a few pioneer, people who were advocates for children with special stood up for them and brought their cases to court, but thats something of the past now. The education laws have also seen a turn -about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed was opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems had emerged from no education for children with special needs to special funding for programs especially for those individuals with learning problems. Mostert, M., Crokett, J. (2000, June) The special education for special needs children went through man y phases before they were recognized by the court systems. The first phase of special education is the largest span of time. The foundation Phase was from 1800 to 1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were labeled as being dumb, retarded, and even brain injured. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related vary similarly to the way brain injured students acted. At this time period researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. Then there was the transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way brain injured children were taught. Researchers developed instruments for assessments, analyzed specific types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching brain injured children. At this stage the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as brain injured. The students were called children with minimal brain dysfunction Then the turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was later called the Integration Phase which lasted from, 1960s to 1980s. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name learning disabled. After this term took the place of brain injured and minimal brain dysfunction, it seemed like there was hope for children with learning problems. The U.S. legislature began to recognize the rights of individuals with disabilities, which prevents schools from discriminating against special needs students. The US legislature laws demand that all of the rights be reserved for the rights of anindividual with special needs to have an appropriate education, even if the disabilities are not covered under the special needs law. The teachers and educators of special needs students remain accountable for the appropriate education of these students, and they will be held accountable in the court of law even if it means losing their job or locked up in jail. Schools started establishing programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most impo rtant part of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem they had would receive a free and appropriate public education.( IDEA, Individuals with Disabilities and Special Needs Act). The last phase is the Current Phase, from the 1980s to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion. Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools, with collaborative efforts and support services as needed for each individual student. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was written as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, individuals with Disabilities Education Act, made it hard to suspend or expel student s with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individual Education Plan. An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the students need to achieve, special education and related services. This Plan also included the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take state test, dates and places of when and where special services will be pro vided and the measuring progress of the child, and any special accommodations that the child may need. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. The parents, special education teachers, the school guidance counselor, regular teacher, the schools psychologist, and the principle are always notified and included in the plans for this meeting. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability and need special services. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas. The next step is to evaluate the childs suspected disability area, but before this can take place the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate the child. The eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parent to determine if the child has a disability defined in IDEA. If the child is found eligible, the IEP team will meet to discuss and write and IEP for the disabled child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written in collaborative efforts from all members of the IEP team. (U.S. Department of Education, 20, Feb, 2001) Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and the IEP is reviewed. After this process takes place, every thr ee years the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be involved in the writing of a childs Individual Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. Regular education teachers, if the student will be mainstreamed into regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the general curriculum of the student. They also have knowledge of how to handle students with behavior problems. The next member of the IEP team should be a special education teacher. This person will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs child learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP process. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individual who can interpret evaluations results, represent the school system, individuals with knowled ge of special expertise about the childs, representatives from transitional service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for. In conclusion, special education has gone through many phases and stages of the way a child should be taught in the past decade. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is not stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and the laws have made it possible for them to take advantage of the opportunities for them to have normal life.

Morrisons Marketing Strategy

Morrisons Marketing Strategy Morrisons is the biggest retailer and chain of superstores in the UK. Morrisons started it business long back in late eighteen century by William Morrisons having head branch at Bradford, England. Steadily it grew its business and operates almost 455 stores in the UK and is a part of stock exchange of FTSE 100 Index. It is operating under Public Limited company label of WM Morrisons. It is a big dealer of food and has won many Awards for best food for its meat, bakeries, frozen foods and many other food items and daily household needs. Definition of Marketing Marketing is not about providing products or services it is essentially about providing changing benefits to the changing needs and demands of the customer (P. Tailor 7/00) Marketing is a long process which requires particular skill to co-ordinate, plan the activities and implement plan for the success of carrying out marketing campaign. This success comes from analyzing market and market research. Task 1. The role of marketing in Company and how it helps contribute to business objectives. Vision of Morrisons Different and Better than Ever It cares for the values of bringing improvement always. Business objectives of Morrisons To maximize its revenue and profit by focusing on being Food Specialist TO be the cheap provider of goods and services to the customers. Role of Marketing in Morrisons In Morrisons, marketing plays an important role in different contexts. Marketing has to deal different departments of the organization where it needs to bring improvements and changes. Role of marketing and sales are of great importance in marketing activity. Direct and indirect marketing are equally important to target the market for Morrisons. For the effective marketing role, Morrisons can take competitive advantage of modern technology which would bring corporate image and better turnover for Morrisons. With effective accomplishment of marketing role, it would be able to fulfill its corporate objective of being first in retail business with profit and sale maximization. An Analysis of the External Factors influencing marketing in Morrisons Markets are highly vulnerable to external market that has great influence on the companies. Proper analysis of external factors affecting Morrisons must be seriously evaluated and managed. PESTLE analysis will help Morrisons to understand impact of these external factors. Political Factors- Rules and laws governing authorities fall under political factors. These authorities put forward laws for the limitations of the company. For Morrisons, political factors like policies and procedures for the business to carry its operations. Economic Factors- are all important factor relating to profit and money. Morrisons is focused on profit maximization wherein it has to take more care of credit crunch and economic downfall. Technological Factor-Â  It relates to use of modern technology and techniques in use for production and sales. Prior concern for Morrisons is to make sure that it uses World Wide Web for its business strategies. Environmental Factors- This factor has become top concern for the world due to global warming issues. Thus for Morrisons, it is important to make use of non polluting machines, technologies and techniques. Legal Factors- It is about issues and difficulties coping up with laws. Morrisons would like to handle legal affairs while planning its growth and expansion activities. Morrisons being in the retail sector faces many more problems due to effect of its external factors. (Bookrags.com, 2006) An explanation of how marketing is used to achieve business objectives Achieving business objectives is possible by possible achieving four levels of objectives. Companies is able to achieve it goals and objectives when it analysis its external and internal factors and focus on the strategy and aims of corporate and marketing level. Corporate Objectives- The overall objective of a company in terms of its vision and goals for coming 5 years is known as corporate objective. Morrisons corporate objective for next five years would be increasing profit by 5% which can be significantly achieved by marketing activities. Marketing Strategies- Corporate objective is straight linked to marketing objectives which is designed by marketing department of the company. Marketing objective should go hand in hand with corporate objective which helps to achieve corporate goals ultimately. Marketing Strategies and tactics- Strategies on marketing expenditure and type of advertising activities, all should be linked back to corporate activities which help company to be successful. Whatever is marketing activities and strategies, it should be focused in the line of companys ultimate goals achievement which is either to maximize profit or to be brand popular. Morrisons can achieve both together with marketing activities. (tutor2u.net.com, 2012) Elements of the marketing process The different element included in the marketings Ps is product, price, place, promotion and price. These are also known as marketing mix which rightly analyzed can bring profit to the organizations. Product- Expanding its customer base through acquisition of more customers is important to Morrisons. This can be done through improving its existing product and introducing more products for new demands. Sale is expected to improve with expansion of its product line. Price- Customers would always like to pay negotiable price for the products that has substitute in the market. Morrisons has always been ahead in offering goods at cheaper price than its competitors. Giving discounts, coupons and best reduced prices. Promotion- Numerous promotion techniques promoting the brand need to be adopted which promotes the product not only nationally as well as internationally. Promotional activities like direct and indirect marketing and advertising needs to be carried out by Morrisons. Promotion needs to be carried out intensively. Place- Right market for right customer is very important. Morrisons needs to understand right market for its product. It has to carry out research on market segmentation and distribution channels for its product. Finding right agents and franchisee internationally becomes a challenge for Morrisons. Morrisons focus on 4ps will help it to find new markets and right price from its right customers. (Antiessays.com, 2012) Task 2-Understanding the principles of marketing through detailed analysis of the marketing mix and segmentation Marketing Mix is an effective strategy for putting up right products and services at the competitive price at the right place in the market. Market segment is another tool that helps to put the product and services to the right targeted customers by segmenting them on the basis of their taste, style and needs. These both tools are considered to be top and effective tools in marketing due to its significance importance in marketing. This both strategies help to put products in the right market due to segmentation and positioning. For marketing of product and for the best sale, right market for the product which can be done through communication which demands advertising. Market segmentation will help to target customers based on geographic, behavioral and psychographic segmentation. This division helps to catch the customer as per their needs and demands. Growth and expansion strategies of the business can be carried out with market segmentation tool. Morrisons has been performing well with its sales, expansion, and diversification and segmentation strategy so far. It just needs to explore more of its stores in international countries which really need diversification and segmentation. As it is a new market, product and market diversification are both essentially important. (scribd.com, 2012) An analysis of the positioning of Morrisons in the market in comparison with other supermarket chains. Positioning of Morrisons in the UK market is very strong due to its strong history and strong marketing strategies. The best thing about Morrisons is its price promise to offer goods and services at reasonable and comparatively lower price. In highly competitive and price war market. Morrisons has positioned itself on the top among the list of other superstores like Asda, Tesco and Sainsbury. Price Promise- It has launched guarantee work by Morrisonss Price Check where it claims to be cheapest superstore. If customer compares the price list with other stores customers find the products very cheaper and better. Thus when supermarkets were surveyed , it was noted that Morrisons was in the lead in its positioning in the market with compare to other superstores due to its price promise, loyalty schemes and various other promotional schemes. .(ceibs.edu.com, 2012) A review of Morrisons main market segments and an explanation of how they have been segmented e.g.: demographic, geographic. Review of Morrisons Main Market Segments Morrisons has already created a strong market in grocery and superstore segment where the products have become customer favorite. For few next coming years, Morrisons would like to expand the market segment of its non-food items into new geographical segments. Morrisons Online-Morrisons has covered huge market in the UK and operates it business with many superstores in various regions. It has showed good increase in revenue in each year. The company is still further planning to increase its revenue stream through maximization of use of Morrisons online with its customers. After capturing good share of supermarket, Morrisons is further developing its strategy to maintain and increase its market geographically. (Morrisons Annual Report, 2011) Market segmentation Market Segmentation is the tool that divides market into segment based on some divisional factors like geographical, demographical, psychological and behavioral segmentation. This segment helps distribution and marketing departments to sell their products and services based upon its demands. Behavioral segmentation- This is based upon behavior, nature and attitude of customers. Morrisons has identified choice of its customers based upon customer database and surveys. It has identified purchasing behavior of its customers into Finer foods, healthy foods, traditional foods and thus have formulated new products range based on this. Psychological Segmentation- This segment focuses on the basic psychological needs of the customers which is based on lifestyles and motives of the customers. Morrisons customers are strongly associated to the brand due to Morrisonss ability to meet its customers requirement which demands cheaper prices and the best services. Morrisons has been proved very effective to deliver products that best suits customer lifestyles and fulfill their motives. Thus its has been successful with meeting its psychological segmentation. Demographic Segmentation- Its about focusing on more locations and market coverage. Morrisons has been strong holder in the UK market but has captured great share of market but it has to more focus on new places and countries which are unexplored but people will value its products and services. Morrisons has segmented its market quite systematically and need more focus on geographic segmentation so as to be strong leader in the market. (Joseph. 2010) An evaluation of the benefits of Morrisons of segmenting markets. 1. Competitive position- Segmentation process helps to identify potential customers to its products. The company is able to derive competitive advantage because of positioning and segmentation. This can be done through proper direct and indirect advertising and marketing. 2. Growth Opportunities- To attract new customers and retain older ones is the main objective of the business. Market can grow only if segmentation is right. Thus growth is possible only through finding right customers. 3. Proper Allocation of Resources- Companys resources are very important and needs to be properly utilized. With segmentation, company would be able to save on its investment due to proper allocation of resources and less in wastage. It ultimately gives good returns on investment. Many more benefits can be derived from market segmentation and some of them are very much potential in achieving business objectives and goals. (Ries and Trot, 1972) Product distribution at Morrisons Efficient methods of marketing and distribution play an equal role in helping company to reach prime position. Many benefits can be derived if company is applying the best techniques to its distribution channel. Morrisons has introduced new transportation technique that aims at low carbon emissions and be eco-friendly. It has been actively working to have the best distribution technique which includes battery-operated vans for deliveries and fuel efficient transportation technologies that emit less of carbon in the environment. Analysis of pricing and promotional strategies at Morrisons Morrisons Pricing Strategy Morrisons is very good at offering its customers products at very low and cheap prices comparatively and offer reduced prices offers. It has proved to be giving the best price by it Price check test and also the big price drop campaign which bring heavy reduction to the products for its customers .(dummies.com, 2012) Morrisons Promotional strategy The biggest promotional technique of that Morrisons needs to bring in is its loyalty scheme club card which brings in great business o the company. The other promotional techniques are directly focuses on the customers which are voucher exchange, coupons at till, petrol promotions, advertising channels and offers on no food items. (dummies.com, 2012) Impact of current technology on marketing activity Businesses are left far behind if they do not use modern techniques. Marketing without modern technology cannot be effective due to its benefits and wide use among customers. Following sure some benefits of modern technology on marketing. 1. With modern techniques businesses can bring great change in products marketing due to creativity. 2. Bring brand awareness at global level due to world wide use. 3. Develops online presence as almost all company are on new technologies like online and internet marketing. 4. Online marketing has been cost effective with great benefits in term of revenue and sales. 5. Modern methods offer various approach to advertise the products due to multi marketing method approach. (Marketingmethods.net 2012) Task 3. Developing Marketing Plan for a new range of products. Methods for researching different market for a new range of ready meals. Primary and secondary methods are the techniques to find new markets for ready meals. Primary technique is a method that will collect data on first in hand with new research and surveys whereas secondary data is the one which is already tested and approved with results. Some techniques are- 1. Data base from companies already selling ready meals. 2. Direct Surveys and Questionnaires-This proves to be expensive and time consuming but gives right knowledge about customer choice. 3. Desk Research-will help to further research on the product and would test the product and send samples in the market which will be reviewed. (Euromonitor.com, 2012) Strategic aims and objectives for the plan. Aims for ready meals marketing is very clear and are as mentioned 1. Aims at customers convenience and costs. 2. Aims at providing better taste with new varieties of spices. 3. Aims at time saving for students, singles and busy and occupied people. 4. Target Market for Marketing activity and reason for choice Target market would be based upon market segmentation for customers. 1. Singles, bachelors, working couples and busy occupied professionals. 2. Market and customers that wish for trying new spices and are time savers. 3. International students and people who wish to work hard and saves money by having ready meals with good taste and spices. Micro and /macro environmental factors affecting the planning- PESTLE analysis of ready meals will help to understand external factors that might affect planning. Political factors- Health and hygiene factors is very important considerations. Policies regarding manufacturing and packing labeling for international level needs also to be taken into focus. Social Factors- Traditional foods are very popular in market, thus it is important to present nutritional part of this ready meal for future focus. It should be like by household and working women. Technological Factor- Ready meals needs to use new packing and labeling techniques with modern techniques so as to ensure safety and modern technology marketing will ensure good business. Marketing Mix for the ready meals Product- Ready meals newly introduced needs to be tested and reviewed by sampling distribution by checking spice level, nutritional elements and salt factor. Price- Customers expect new products with little reasonable and cheaper side on price part. With new products, price factor needs to be satisfied by the customers. Place- As targeted customers are placed in line, place would be promoting it to customers wishing to save time and costs. Promotion- New promotional strategy which adding it to existing product line of micro wave food and easy to cook food. With more effective strategy, Ready meal will prove a big success. Factors relevant to the implantation of the plan Advertising and marketing- For ever new product, it is me too scene when new product takes time to get along with other products wherein marketing and advertising activities plays an important role. Engagement- Customers need to be continuously engaged by means of samples distribution, promotional offers and coupons so as to keep product selling and bringing awareness. Monitoring- Customer follow-up is essential to find out review, suggestions and recommendations which will help to improve product and made better. Conclusion All the companies are concentrating great on marketing activities and strategies as it is the only way to reach customers and bring awareness about the brand. Morrisonss has been a strong brand in the market from quite along time. But in competitive market and competitors like Asda and Morrisons, it is important to retain customers and focus on new through marketing strategies only.